Painting, decorating and home improvement tips and tricks of the trade blog. If you are planning on decorating a room and the walls arent that good your best option would be to line the walls with lining paper first. Lining paper comes in different thickness known as grades. The grades range from 8. Some DIY stores only stock the lower grades of lining paper, maybe up to 1. You can buy the thicker grade papers form trade outlets, local suppliers or online. If you are using some of the higher grade lining paper make sure you allow the lengths of paper enough time to soak and become pliable. Fans in the Attic Do They Help or Do They Hurt Homeowners in hot climates need to understand the difference between wholehouse fans and powered attic ventilators. Bunk Bed With Open Area Under It Student Desk Plans Bunk Bed With Open Area Under It Free Plans For Floor To Ceiling Bookcase Executive Office Desk Woodworking Plans. 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How to Wallpaper and How to Hang Wallpaper Correctly. Summary In this project you will learn how to hang wallpaper correctly to ensure that you complete your job to. The time will increase for each grade of paper thickness. For most jobs I use 1. I use it for both walls and ceilings. If you decide to go for the heavier grade papers 1. Remember, lining paper isnt a magic paper that will make your walls imperfection free, it will give you a smoother, sounder base to work from. Lining paper was designed as a base to wallpaper onto, however you can emulsion over lining paper without any problems. You should always prepair the walls, by this I mean you still need to fill the holes with filler, rub down the walls etc. Allow at least 1. If the room is cold or damp you may have to allow longer for drying. If your walls are bare plaster you will need to size the walls first. This means either buying a packet of size or alternatively a diluted mix of wallpaper paste applied to the wall. This will stop the lining paper drying out to quickly and give a stronger adhesion to the newly plastered wall. Major Types of Cracks in Walls. This article throws light upon the twelve major types of cracks in walls. The types are 1. Horizontal Crack at the Junction of Roof Slab and Masonry Wall Support 2. Vertical Cracks at Junction of R. C. C. Column and Wall Masonry 3. Cracks Due To Chemical Reactions and Preventive Measures 4. Cracks in Foundation 5. Extension of Existing Building 6. Cracking of Compound Wall and Others. Horizontal Crack at the Junction of Roof Slab and Masonry Wall Support. Vertical Cracks at Junction of R. India Forum Zee Tv Serial. C. C. Column and Wall Masonry. Cracks Due To Chemical Reactions and Preventive Measures. Cracks in Foundation. Extension of Existing Building. Cracking of Compound Wall. Horizontal Cracks in the Topmost Storey. Cracks in External and Internal Walls of Load Bearing Structures. Random Cracks in All Directions Involving both External and Internal Walls. Partition Walls in Load Bearing Structures. Vertical Cracks in Buildings. Reinforced Concrete Roofs at Different Levels. Type 1. Horizontal Crack at the Junction of Roof Slab and Masonry Wall Support i. Crack in load bearing wall Horizontal crack at the roof level of the topmost floor, below the slab, occurs due to any of these reasons a. The slab undergoes alternate expansion and contraction due to change in ambient temperature. Inadequate protective cover against heat on the roof, and c. Provision of large span of the slab in the room inside, causing excessive deflection and having not much vertical load above the support to resist uplift of the slab at the support and movement of the of the slab is restrained on one side. Thermal expansion of the slab initiating cracks may cause bowing up due to thermal gradient in the slab. In such a case, the cracks will be seen from the outside, on top level of the slab while it will be seen at the bottom level of the slab from inside. As a preventive measure, construction of the support of the R. C. C. on the masonry wall should be as shown in detail in Figure 3. Provision of L beam with nominal reinforcement, integrated with the slab would provide rigidity against deflection. Crack in non load bearing wall Cladding and cross walls of framed structure In case of framed structure roof slab, beams, and columns move jointly, causing diagonal cracks in walls which are generally parallel to the movement and horizontal cracks are located below the beams. Extent of movement in a framed structure is comparatively less as columns on account of their stiffness and ability to withstand bending stresses are able to resist and contain the movement to some extent. Both in load bearing and framed structures, provision of adequate or protective cover on the roof is very important in order to avoid cracks in walls. Type 2. Vertical Cracks at Junction of R. C. C. Column and Wall Masonry The cracks occur a few months after construction not only due to differential strain between R. C. C. and masonry because of elastic deformation, shrinkage and creep in R. C. C. column also act upon. As a preventive measure butterfly ties may be provided at the junctions. Type 3. Cracks Due To Chemical Reactions and Preventive Measures In case of structural concrete in foundation, if sulphate content exceeds 0. Portland cementsuper sulphate cement or a combination of the two methods depending upon the sulphate content of the soil should be adopted. Similarly, in case of mortar for masonry, the mix 1 4 3 cement, lime and sand need Do used, or special cement as mentioned or a combination of the two methods should be adopted. Gypsum plaster contains sulphate and chemically reacts with Portland cement in presence of moisture. Gypsum plaster should, therefore, never be used with cement. It should not be used in locations where the wall is likely to be in contact with moisture. Gypsum plaster is not suited for external work which is liable to get wet. Type 4. Cracks in Foundation Plinth protection around the building helps in preventing seepage of rain and surface water into the foundation possibility of settlement cracks may thus be avoided. Type 5. Extension of Existing Building When extension of existing building is desired, new construction should not be bonded with the old. Two parts should be separated by a step or expansion joint right from the foundation to top. Care should be taken while excavating below the foundation of existing building. When the existing structure is 2. In case of extension of framed structure, twin columns should be provided with combined footing. Combined footing shall be provided during original construction. Type 6. Cracking of Compound Wall Plants take root and begin to grow in fissures of walls. When soil under the foundation of a building happens to be shrinkable clay, cracking in walls and floors of the building may occur. This happens due to dehydrating action of growing roots on the soil which may shrink and cause foundation settlement or due to upward thrust on portion of the building. When old trees are cut off the soil that has been dehydrated by roots, swell up getting moisture from some source, such as rain. This may cause crack in the foundation. The cracks are wider at top and narrower downward. The cracks pass through DPC and extend up to foundation. Type 7. Horizontal Cracks in the Topmost Storey Horizontal cracks in the topmost storey of building at corner cause upliftment of the slab corners due to deflection of the slab in both directions. As a preventive measure, proper corner reinforcement in two layers should be provided to resist lifting of the corners. Type 8. Cracks in External and Internal Walls of Load Bearing Structures i. Vertical cracks in walls built with concrete blocks or sand lime bricks. Cracks generally occur at weak sections, i. The cracks may be straight or toothed. Vertical cracks at the junctions of an old portion of building and new extension. The cracks should be repaired by filling with weak mortar when they are dormant or by providing a vertical groove in the plaster at the junction. Horizontal cracks in mortar joints appearing two to three years after construction. These are generally due to sulphate attack. Ripping cracks occurring at the ceiling level in cross walls as shown in Fig. The cracks are due to relative movement between R. C. C. roof slab and cross wall. Movement of R. C. C. roof slab is caused due to thermal expansion and contraction because of inadequate thermal insulation or protective cover on the roof slab. Diagonal cracks accompanied by outward tilting of external walls. Internal walls undergo random cracking and floors crack up and become uneven. The cracks develop due to moisture movement of shrinkable soil such as black cotton soil, when the foundation is shallow. Diagonal cracks over R. C. C. lintels spanning large openings. The cracks are due to drying shrinkage of concrete. The cracks could be avoided by using low shrink able and low slump concrete. Type 9. Random Cracks in All Directions Involving both External and Internal Walls These cracks are generally formed either due to foundation settlement or sulphate action in the foundation concrete and masonry in foundation and plinth. The cracks may be thin, medium or wide. Type 1. 0. Partition Walls in Load Bearing Structures i. Partition walls supported on R. C. C. slab or beam. Cracks may occur due to excessive deflection of support. As a preventive measure horizontal expansion joint 1. Partition walls built of concrete blocks or sand lime bricks.